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THE EARLY CHURCH |
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The Hammer of Witches
TRANSLATIONS AND REPRINTS
FROM THE ORIGINAL SOURCES OF EUROPEAN HISTORY
VOL. III (1907) Published by the Department of History, University of Pennsylvania
[Vol. III No. 4, pages 10-13]
3. THE WITCH-HAMMER (the Hammer of Witchs).
Even when armed with the papal bull, the German Inquisitors found their preparation incomplete. Soon after their return from Rome they set themselves at the compilation of a hand-book which should leave no judge an excuse for laxity---an exposition of witchcraft and a code of procedure for the detection and punishment of witches. This, completed in 1486, they called Malleus Maleficarum, “The Witch-Hammer." As a specimen may serve a part of its:
Directions for the Torture of a Witch.
Malleus Maleficarum, pars iii, quaestio 14. Latin. Editions are many.
The method of beginning an examination by torture is as follows: First, the jailers prepare the implements of torture, then they strip the prisoner (if it be a woman, she has already been stripped by other women, upright and of good report).[1] This stripping is lest some means of witchcraft may have been sewed into the clothing----such as often, taught by the Devil, they prepare from the bodies of unbaptized infants, [murdered] that they may forfeit salvation. And when the implements of torture have been prepared, the judge, both in person and through other good men zealous in the faith, tries to persuade the prisoner to confess the truth freely ; but, if he will not confess, he bids attendants make the prisoner fast to the strappado or some other implement of torture. The attendants obey forthwith, yet with feigned agitation. Then, at the prayer of some of those present, the prisoner is loosed again and is taken aside and once more persuaded to confess, being led to believe that he will in that case not be put to death.
Here it may be asked whether the judge, in the case of a prisoner much defamed, convicted both by witnesses and by proofs, nothing being lacking but his own confession, can properly lead him to hope that his life will be spared----when, even if he confess his crime, he will be punished with death.
It must be answered that opinions vary. Some hold that even a witch of very ill repute, against whom the evidence justifies violent suspicion, and who, as a ringleader of the witches, is accounted very dangerous, may be assured her life, and condemned instead to perpetual imprisonment on bread and water, in case she will give sure and convincing testimony against other witches ; yet this penalty of perpetual imprisonment must not be announced to her, but only that her life will be spared, and that she will be punished in some other fashion, perhaps by exile. And doubtless such notorious witches, especially those who prepare witch-potions or who by magical methods cure those bewitched, would be peculiarly suited to be thus preserved, in order to aid the bewitched or to accuse other witches, were it not that their accusations cannot be trusted, since the Devil is a liar, unless confirmed by proofs and witnesses.
Others hold, as to this point, that for a time the promise made to the witch sentenced to imprisonment is to be kept, but that after a time she should be burned.
A third view is, that the judge may safely promise witches to spare their lives, if only he will later excuse himself from pronouncing the sentence and will let another do this in his place. . .
But if, neither by threats nor by promises such as these, the witch can be induced to speak the truth, then the jailers must carry out the sentence, and torture the prisoner according to the accepted methods, with more or less of severity as the delinquent's crime may demand. And, while be is being tortured, be must be questioned on the articles of accusation, and this frequently and persistently, beginning with the lighter charges----for he will more readily confess the lighter than the heavier. And, while this is being done, the notary must write down everything in his record of the trial-how the prisoner is tortured, on what points he is questioned, and how be answers.
And note that. if he confesses under the torture, be must afterward be conducted to another place, that he may confirm it and certify that it was not due alone to the force of the torture.
But, if the prisoner will not confess the truth satisfactorily, other sorts of tortures must be placed before him, with the statement that, unless he will confess the truth, be must endure these also. But, if not even thus he can be brought into terror and to the truth, then the next day or the next but one is to be set for a continuation of the tortures----not a repetition,[2] for they must not be repeated unless new evidences be produced.
The judge must then address to the prisoners the following sentence : We, the judge, etc., do assign to you,----, such and such a day for the continuation of the tortures, that from your own mouth the truth may be heard, and that the whole may be recorded by the notary.
And during the interval, before the day assigned, the judge, in person or through approved men, must in the manner above described try to persuade the prisoner to confess, promising her[3] (if there is aught to be gained by this promise) that her life shall be spared.
The judge shall see to it, morever, that throughout this interval guards are constantly with the prisoner, so that she may not be left alone ; because she will be visited by the Devil and tempted into suicide.
FOOTNOTE:
[1]- Sometimes, in place of the prisoner's clothing, a garment furnished by the court was now supplied, to be worn during the torture.
[2]- This was, of course, a legal fiction, to avoid the merciful restriction put by law upon the repetition of torture.
[3]- This change in the gender of the pronoun is a faithful following of the original.
IV. THE WITCH-PERSECUTION AT BONN.
[Vol. III No. 4, pages 18-19]
An undated letter[A] from the pastor (Duren) of the village of Alfter, near Bonn, to Count Werner of Salm thus describes the persecution in that city :
Those burned are mostly male witches of the sort described. There be half the city implicated : for already professors, law-students, pastors, canons, vicars, and monks have here been arrested and burned. His Princely Grace has seventy wards[B] who are to become pastors, one of whom, eminent as a musician, was yesterday arrested ; two others were sought for, but have fled. The Chancellor and his wife and the Private Secretary's wife are already executed. On the eve of Our Lady's Day there was executed here a maiden of nineteen who bore the name of being, the fairest and the most blameless of all the city, and who from her childhood had been brought up by the Bishop himself. A canon of the cathedral, named Rotenhahn, I saw beheaded and burned. Children of three or four years have devils for their paramours. Students and boys of noble birth, of nine, ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen, fourteen years, have here been burned. In fine, things are in such a pitiful state that one does not know with what people one may talk and associate.
FOOTNOTE:
[A]- At least, the date of the letter is not given by W. v. Waldbruhl, who prints from it this extract in his Naturforschung and Hexenzglaube, (Berlin, 1867). He says only that it had shortly before been found in the Salm archives. It belongs, doubtless, to the early seventeenth century. Bonn, not then a university town, was the official residence of the Prince-Archbishops of Cologne.
[B]- Boys to be trained for priests in his seminary.
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